The three active diterpenoids from AP, including the aqueous AP plant extracts, have also been reported to have an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation in vitro. Of late, is has been reported that together with the AP extract and its major component, ANG inhibit tumor-specific angiogenesis by regulating the production of various pro- and anti-angiogenic factors, such as, pro-inflammatory cytokine, nitric oxide, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-1β (IL-2), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1). Vasodilatation by smooth muscles relaxation, mediated by NO, is a prerequisite for endothelial cells to enter the angiogenic cascade, and it is reported that increased NOS activity correlates positively with the increase of vascular density and tumor growth. A wide variety of biological effects are attributed to this molecule including neovascularization. Nitric oxide is an intracellular and intercellular signaling molecule generated from L-arginine, catalyzed by a family of enzymes called nitric oxide synthases (NOS), which are either constitutive (cNOS) or inducible (iNOS). Moreover, AP blocks the entry of extracellular calcium, by blocking voltage-operated calcium channels on the smooth muscle, hence, inhibiting the calcium influx. ANG has also been reported to exhibit a nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory property in endotoxin-stimulated macrophages.

ANG and 14-deoxyandrographolide (DA) are active principles of the medicinal plant AP is used for the prevention and treatment of the common cold in Scandinavia, and is known to have an anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-thrombotic, hypotensive, and anti-atherosclerotic activity.

A phase I trial of ANG in HIV-positive patients and normal volunteers indicated that ANG may inhibit HIV-induced cell cycle dysregulation, leading to a rise in CD4 + lymphocyte levels in HIV-infected patients. It has multiple pharmacological activities such as protozoacidal, antihepatotoxic, anti-HIV, immunostimulative, anticancer, hypoglycemic, and hypotensive activities. It is a diterpene containing a gama lactone ring connected to the decalin ring system via an unsaturated C-2 moiety. Andrographolide (ANG) is found in the whole plant, but is most concentrated in the leaves. The motivation of selecting this plant is due to its high profile biological activity. (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant commonly used in India, China, and Southeast Asia for the treatment of a large variety of illnessees, which include meningitis, acute hepatitis, and many other acute inflammatory conditions.

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